Hundreds of people don't have to be involved. You are the one who doesn't know what the term means. A blatant example of systemic racism in this case is the way the police handled the situation -- which involved a former officer -- and embodies the Blue Code of Silence. The police did not secure the scene of Arbery's murder, did not cuff the 3 men involved. You can google the video if you are in doubt. Institutional racism existed in the DA's office and it was shamefully displayed by the defense attorneys.
From Wikipedia:
Institutional racism, also known as
systemic racism, is a term that refers to a form of
racism that is embedded in the laws and regulations of a
society or an organization. It manifests as
discrimination in areas such as
criminal justice,
employment,
housing,
health care,
education, and
political representation.
[1]
The term
institutional racism was first coined in 1967 by
Stokely Carmichael and
Charles V. Hamilton in
Black Power: The Politics of Liberation.
[2] Carmichael and Hamilton wrote in 1967 that while individual racism is often identifiable because of its overt nature, institutional racism is less perceptible because of its "less overt, far more subtle" nature. Institutional racism "originates in the operation of established and respected forces in the society, and thus receives far less public condemnation than [individual racism]".
[3]
Institutional racism was defined by
Sir William Macpherson in the UK's
Lawrence report (1999) as: "The collective failure of an organization to provide an appropriate and professional service to people because of their colour, culture, or ethnic origin. It can be seen or detected in processes, attitudes and behaviour that amount to discrimination through prejudice, ignorance, thoughtlessness, and racist stereotyping which disadvantage minority ethnic people."
[4][5]