Two-Spirit
The term
two spirit was adopted in English, and created in
Ojibwe, in 1990 at the third annual Native American/First Nations gay and lesbian conference in
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, as a replacement for
berdache.
. . . historically, many "berdache/two-spirit" individuals held religious or spiritual roles, the term
two-spirit creates a disconnection from the past. The terms used by other tribes currently and historically do not translate directly into the English form of
two-spirit or the Ojibwe form of
niizh manidoowag.
With over 500 surviving Native American cultures, attitudes about sex and gender can be diverse. Even with the modern adoption of pan-Indian terms like two-spirit, and the creation of a modern pan-Indian community around this naming, not all cultures will perceive two-spirits the same way, or welcome a pan-Indian term to replace the terms already in use by their cultures. Additionally, not all contemporary Indigenous communities are supportive of their gender-variant and non-heterosexual people now. In these communities, those looking for two-spirit community have sometimes faced oppression and rejection. While existing terminology in many nations shows historical acknowledgement of differing sexual orientations and gender expressions, members of some of these nations have also said that while variance was accepted, they never had separate or defined roles for these members of the community. Among the Indigenous communities that traditionally have roles for two-spirit people, specific terms in their own languages are used for the social and spiritual roles these individuals fulfill.