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Can you point to another private entity that is forced to set aside money to pay benefits to retired employees that have not even been hired yet? If not then your "Because it is a private pension fund" doesn't really hold water.
The USPS is a special case, because they used to be a regular government entity, and now they are a quasi-private entity that is still under some Congressional control. The USPS has to bounce everything off of Congress before they act, so they are going to be held to a higher standard than most private companies. Any private company is supposed to fund their pension plan "sufficiently," but pension plans always go down with the ship anyway.
Not many companies still use pension plans because their future liability can only be estimated. And since pension plans are seldom, if ever, fully funded, they are all "unfunded liabilities" in that sense. In the private sector, that's a risk; but the government can always meet its obligations, so there is no need to "fund" a government pension plan with govt. bonds ahead of time.