To answer and clarify some of the points in your post....she didn't expect it to be free. She could afford $200 a month for a plan that doesn't have a high deductible (meaning that she'd get help paying for regular dr. and hospital and prescription bills through copays, and there would be a reasonable out of pocket amount for the year).
It turns out that the amount would be $350-$400 a month AND a high deductible, meaning she would have no coverage for regular bills until the amount reached $5k or $6k or something along those lines.
So she would be out the, say, $5,000 she regularly pays for medical during the year AND an additional $4,800, totaling $9,800 (vs. $5,000 before). The extra $4,800 is NOT for coverage for regular medical bills. It is for coverage ONLY if her bills go over a certain amount. If they don't...she doesn't have coverage. Even if they do, it won't pay that much, since it would have to go over the deductible or out of pocket amount by a LOT in order to justify the $4,800 she paid in premiums.
I get it. I get it, because that's similar to my situation. I can only afford the cheapest plans, which don't even have certain kinds of providers in my area, and VERY limited primary care physicians and hospitals in my area (there is only one gynecologist within ten miles of me who will accept the bottom plans available to me...might as well not be any).
As for her making too much for a subsidy, that's probably the case (meaning she makes at least $46,000 a year and supports a teen son with health issues...easy to see why she can't afford $9,800 a year, half of which is for catastrophic insurance). But it could also mean that she doesn't make ENOUGH to get a subsidy. You have to earn a minimum of $12,000 a year (in my state...I think it may vary from state to state).
There are a lot of people who fall in that hole...they don't qualify for Medicaid for income or other reasons, but they don't make enough to qualify for the subsidy.
Now, $400 a month for insurance for a FAMILY, which I assume is what she would be buying, because of her son, is VERY reasonable. But if you don't have the money, you don't have it. It's pretty simple.
My policies available to me (for just one person) START at $400 and go up from there to $600 I think for the BRONZE (lowest, high deductible). To get a plan that actually has doctors and hospitals that will accept it...those start at about $550 a month, which I can't afford.
First time since my late 20s that I will be living without insurance. Thank goodness I'm healthy (I work at it). I just hope I don't get something I have no control over, like cancer.
As for the penalty, I can't stop them from taking it from me, I guess. But I can't spend $400 a month for policies that don't have care providers. And I just can't pay $550 a month. Those are the cold, hard facts.