What is Secondhand Smoke?
* Secondhand smoke is a mixture of the smoke given off by the burning end of a cigarette, pipe, or cigar, and the smoke exhaled from the lungs of smokers.
* This mixture contains more than 4,000 substances, more than 40 of which are known to cause cancer in humans or animals and many of which are strong irritants.
* Secondhand smoke is also called environmental tobacco smoke (ETS); exposure to secondhand smoke is called involuntary smoking or passive smoking.
Adult Nonsmokers
Secondhand smoke has been classified by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a known cause of lung cancer in humans (Group A carcinogen). In 2000, the National Institutes of Health formally listed secondhand smoke as a known human carcinogen in its 9th Report on Carcinogens. (NIH, 2000
http://www.nih.gov/news/pr/may2000/niehs-15.htm
Secondhand Smoke is a Serious Health Risk to Children
* The developing lungs of young children are severely affected by exposure to secondhand smoke because children are particularly vulnerable to secondhand smoke. This is likely due to several factors, including that children are still developing physically, have higher breathing rates than adults, and have little control over their indoor environments. Children receiving high doses of secondhand smoke, such as those with smoking mothers, run the greatest relative risk of experiencing damaging health effects.
* Children with asthma are especially at risk. EPA estimates that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the number of episodes and severity of symptoms in 200,000 to 1,000,000 children with asthma. Moreover, secondhand smoke is a risk factor for new cases of asthma in children who have not previously exhibited asthma symptoms.
http://www.epa.gov/asthma/index.html
* Cal EPA found that exposure to secondhand smoke causes increased risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome.
http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/healthrisks.html#Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke
* Infants and young children whose parents smoke are among the most seriously affected by exposure to secondhand smoke, being at increased risk of lower respiratory tract infections, such as pneumonia and bronchitis. EPA estimates that secondhand smoke is responsible for between 150,000 and 300,000 lower respiratory tract infections in infants and children under 18 months of age, resulting in between 7,500 and 15,000 hospitalizations each year.
* Cal EPA found that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk for middle ear infections in children.
http://www.epa.gov/smokefree/healthrisks.html#Health Effects of Secondhand Smoke
Other Studies
* Australian National Health And Medical Research Council Report (1997):
www.health.gov.au:80/nhmrc/publications/synopses/ph23syn.htm
* United Kingdom’s Scientific Committee on Tobacco and Health Report (1998):
www.official-documents.co.uk/document/doh/tobacco/contents.htm
* World Health Organization’s (WHO) Consultation on ETS and Child Health Report (1999): www5.who.int/tobacco/page.cfm?tld=67#healtheffects
* The National Toxicology Program’s 9th Report on Carciongens (2000): ehp.niehs.nih.gov/roc/tenth/profiles/s176toba.pdf
* WHO-Europe (2000):
www.euro.who.int/document/aiq/8_1ets.pdf