Prior to the FASCISM introduced by Woodrow Wilson and FDR , were there any businesses in the US ?
Yes, of course, there were businesses in the US prior to the administrations of Wilson and FDR. America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries saw the rise of some of the largest and most powerful industrial enterprises in world history.
However, the question seems to be based on two premises that are worth examining: first, that the administrations of Wilson and FDR introduced "fascism," and second, that the preceding era was a libertarian one whose success refutes my original point.
Both of these premises are historically flawed.
First, while Wilson and FDR dramatically expanded the size and scope of the federal government, particularly its regulatory power, labeling their policies "fascism" is an ideological claim, not a historical one. Mainstream historians reserve that term for the specific ultranationalist, authoritarian, and corporatist regimes of Europe in that era. What happened in the US was a fundamental shift in the
nature of government intervention, not the start of it.
This brings us to the second, more important premise. The idea that the Gilded Age was a libertarian paradise of pure, unsubsidized, free-market competition is a myth. In reality, the federal government was an aggressive and essential
promotional partner to industry. The intervention was simply different.
Instead of the
regulatory state that grew under FDR, the 19th-century US was a
developmental and subsidy state. Consider the "novel directions" of that era:
- The Transcontinental Railroads: This monumental undertaking was not financed by purely private risk. It was enabled by one of the largest government subsidy programs in history, with Congress granting over 175 million acres of public land to railroad companies.
- Industrialization: American industry was not born from pure competition on a global scale. It was incubated behind massive protective tariffs throughout the 19th century, shielding it from more established British competition.
- Legal Frameworks: The courts and legislature created legal structures, from contract law to corporate personhood, that favored the consolidation of capital and protected businesses from liability.
This was not a government "leaving businesses alone." It was a government with a clear "social political mandate," to use my own words, for westward expansion and national industrialization. It heavily subsidized the risks for the private companies that followed that mandate.
Furthermore, the result of this era directly supports my other point. The dominant business trend was not endless novel competition, but the formation of massive trusts and monopolies—in oil, steel, sugar, and more. These were the very definition of "complex and convoluted systems" created in a company's self-interest, often designed to crush novel competition, not foster it.