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We then read that Lazarus was “longing to be filled with the things that fell from the rich man’s table. But even the dogs came and licked his sores” (Luke 16:21). The wording matches the immediately preceding chapter, in which the younger son “was longing to be filled with the pods that the pigs ate, and no one was giving him anything” (15:16). The sequence “longing to be filled” followed by the name of a proverbially unclean animal (pig or dog) shows a link between pigs and dogs similar to the one we see on Jesus’s lips exclusively in Matthew’s Gospel:
Do not give dogs what is holy, and do not throw your pearls before pigs, lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you. (Matt. 7:6 ESV)
Since these parallels between pigs and dogs are attributed to Jesus in completely different contexts in two different Gospels, it makes most sense if they go back to Jesus himself.
In the story, the poor man dies first, as poor people typically do. Nothing is noted about his burial, and we are thus left wondering whether he is actually buried. Then the rich man dies, and his burial is noted (Luke 16:22). But whereas the rich man’s death is publicly marked, it is the poor man who receives VIP treatment and is carried by angels to Abraham’s side, or what older English translations call “Abraham’s bosom.”
Since there is no reason to suppose that Abraham in his post-mortem existence has anything other than a normal-sized body, we must assume that his side is where the most privileged person is placed in the heavenly feast, not a superlarge heavenly area where many people could fit.[1] The word “side,” or “bosom,” expresses where a close dining companion might lean (see John 1:18; 13:23). Thus, in line with Jesus’s saying that the first will be last and the last first, Lazarus, who is last in this life, gets the top place at the heavenly feast at which Abraham presides (Luke 13:28–30).
The rich man, meanwhile, is in Hades—a word that does not here convey all the complex geography of Greek mythology but does at least designate a place where people are paid back for what they have done in this life. Just as Lazarus’s sores had burned him and had been licked by the tongues of dogs, so now the rich man’s tongue is on fire, and he yearns for relief.
Then the story says that the rich man “lifted up his eyes, being in torment, and saw Abraham from afar” (Luke 16:23). For Bible experts, there are only two places in the Old Testament where the combination of “lift up eyes” and “from afar” occurs, both in stories about rich men. The first is about Abraham and the second about Job:
On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the place from afar. (Gen. 22:4 ESV)
And when they [Job’s three friends] lifted up their eyes from afar, they did not recognize him [Job]. And they lifted up their voices and wept. (Job 2:12)
We have already been contextually reminded of Job by the daily feasting and the body covered with sores. We here have the combination of lifting up the eyes and seeing a particular person from afar. Even Job’s rather useless friends are moved with compassion when they see Job covered with sores. At least they try to help since they travel considerable distances to see Job. This echo makes a moral point by highlighting how the rich man had done absolutely nothing when he saw Lazarus up close daily, covered with sores.
But the story here has an even closer connection to the account of Abraham, with which it shares four features: “lift up,” “eyes,” “saw from afar,” and Abraham himself. The connection with Abraham is reinforced because he is the Old Testament character who is most often said to lift up his eyes (Gen. 18:2; 22:4, 13).[2]The connection with Abraham also makes a moral point: Abraham, like Job, was rich. Job had always helped the poor, and Abraham was hospitable to strangers. But the rich man had done neither.
Continued...
Do not give dogs what is holy, and do not throw your pearls before pigs, lest they trample them underfoot and turn to attack you. (Matt. 7:6 ESV)
Since these parallels between pigs and dogs are attributed to Jesus in completely different contexts in two different Gospels, it makes most sense if they go back to Jesus himself.
In the story, the poor man dies first, as poor people typically do. Nothing is noted about his burial, and we are thus left wondering whether he is actually buried. Then the rich man dies, and his burial is noted (Luke 16:22). But whereas the rich man’s death is publicly marked, it is the poor man who receives VIP treatment and is carried by angels to Abraham’s side, or what older English translations call “Abraham’s bosom.”
Since there is no reason to suppose that Abraham in his post-mortem existence has anything other than a normal-sized body, we must assume that his side is where the most privileged person is placed in the heavenly feast, not a superlarge heavenly area where many people could fit.[1] The word “side,” or “bosom,” expresses where a close dining companion might lean (see John 1:18; 13:23). Thus, in line with Jesus’s saying that the first will be last and the last first, Lazarus, who is last in this life, gets the top place at the heavenly feast at which Abraham presides (Luke 13:28–30).
The rich man, meanwhile, is in Hades—a word that does not here convey all the complex geography of Greek mythology but does at least designate a place where people are paid back for what they have done in this life. Just as Lazarus’s sores had burned him and had been licked by the tongues of dogs, so now the rich man’s tongue is on fire, and he yearns for relief.
Then the story says that the rich man “lifted up his eyes, being in torment, and saw Abraham from afar” (Luke 16:23). For Bible experts, there are only two places in the Old Testament where the combination of “lift up eyes” and “from afar” occurs, both in stories about rich men. The first is about Abraham and the second about Job:
On the third day Abraham lifted up his eyes and saw the place from afar. (Gen. 22:4 ESV)
And when they [Job’s three friends] lifted up their eyes from afar, they did not recognize him [Job]. And they lifted up their voices and wept. (Job 2:12)
We have already been contextually reminded of Job by the daily feasting and the body covered with sores. We here have the combination of lifting up the eyes and seeing a particular person from afar. Even Job’s rather useless friends are moved with compassion when they see Job covered with sores. At least they try to help since they travel considerable distances to see Job. This echo makes a moral point by highlighting how the rich man had done absolutely nothing when he saw Lazarus up close daily, covered with sores.
But the story here has an even closer connection to the account of Abraham, with which it shares four features: “lift up,” “eyes,” “saw from afar,” and Abraham himself. The connection with Abraham is reinforced because he is the Old Testament character who is most often said to lift up his eyes (Gen. 18:2; 22:4, 13).[2]The connection with Abraham also makes a moral point: Abraham, like Job, was rich. Job had always helped the poor, and Abraham was hospitable to strangers. But the rich man had done neither.
Continued...