Q4: Is it true that Social Security was originally just a retirement program?
A: Yes. Under the 1935 law, what we now think of as Social Security only paid retirement benefits to the primary worker. A 1939 change in the law added survivors benefits and benefits for the retiree's spouse and children. In 1956 disability benefits were added.
Keep in mind, however, that the Social Security Act itself was much broader than just the program which today we commonly describe as "Social Security." The original 1935 law contained the first national unemployment compensation program, aid to the states for various health and welfare programs, and the Aid to Dependent Children program. (Full text of the 1935 law.)
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This does not imply that it was individual in/individual out. That concept which I have titled a Mandatory Savings Account would have been wiser but they would still have to pool it because of lifetime low earners.
Social Security History
Or am I missing something? Seems like a Ponzi Concept from the get-go even before they added all the other stuff. AFAIK I get exactly the same check that Mitt Romney does so yes, I agree the government set the payout rates but remember the caps mean that Mit and Specklebang paid in the same amount, which was OK with me but even easier for Mitt. I use Mitt as an example of rich and high income, not taking a crack at him.