I am for the most part in favor of Affirmative Action, but there aren't any easy answers.
Okay, so let's assume you own or are the CEO of a business that is intrinsically dangerous. Let's say it's a steel mill.
Your engineering department is small and entirely or almost entirely white. Because it's always been that way.
Your floor employees are disproportionately people of color.
An engineer retires, and you are now critically short-handed. You get two resumes on your desk. One is from a white dude with 20 years of experience, and the other is a black dude with a rock solid set of scores in engineering school but no practical experience. You have the budget to hire one of them.
Affirmative Action gives you incentive to hire the black dude, who is also cheaper due to his lack of experience, but he's more or less on his own. If he makes mistakes, the people on the floor (again, mostly POC) will be exposed to additional risk to life and limb. Which is no small thing in a steel mill.
If you hire the white dude, his experience makes him cost more but there is less risk to the floor employees, but you have once again established that your upper echelons are white, and will remain so until the next engineer retires, whereupon you will be faced with the same dilemma.
What is the ethical solution?