First of all, Ukraine was not a Russian "province" nor a breakaway to it. It was one of the 15 republics all of which dissolved from the Soviet empire... they were no more breakaways than the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian empire.
Second, the Soviet Union itself was an iteration of the Russian Empire. Like all empires (e.g. Austrio-Hungarian Empire) the USSR was a conglomeration of many nationalities, speaking different languages, is a compelled association by a central authority. The nationalities are generally associated with the territory of each Republic and but for conquest started by a Tsar of "the Russians" in the dutchy of Muscovy, Ukraine would have evolved under self-rule or become subjected to other empires and powers.
Third, Ukranian nationalism dates back to at least the early 1600s, and the first Ukrainian autonomy of the Cossack Hetmanate.
Initially the Muscovite Tsar affirmed all of Kiev and the Cossacks privileges of autonomy...but that slowly eroded over time. In the 17th and 18th century is evolved from Russian "protection" from the Poles to Catherine the Great centralized control of the empire. Cossack and peasant uprisings against the Russians dwindled.
However, in the very early 19th century Ukrainian national consciousness arose, centered around their history, culture, and language. (Ukrainian language is not closely related to Russian, it being far closer to Western/Southern Slavic.). It took place soon after the Haidamaka Uprisings (also known as Koliivshchyna) rocked lands of former Cossack Hetmanate.
The Russians, as might be expected, attempted to stamp out Ukrainian language, literature, and culture. But it stayed alive. In 1917 Ukraine tried to free itself from the Soviets, and failed. In WWII the vast numbers of Soviet POW defectors than rallied to the German formation of Ukrainian brigades were again, Ukrainians.
Finally, Putin's "history" is widely recognized as absurd and a lie...possibly a lie he tells himself in order to invade Ukraine.