Um...the fact that wasn't actually the case, as noted by Chang and easily observable by you had you chosen to read the entire article cited or even browsed Kicking Away The Ladder further. As noted by the excerpt:
Again, incorrect, Chang is asserting that the protections drove the market, which is not the case, markets are always driven by supply and demand, there can be no other factors, except to slow down an economy. This is a main failure of socialism and centralized planning fans.
The infant industries argument is actually a perfect example of how state protectionism ultimately plays a role in maximizing long-run healthy market competition. Utilization of state protection facilitates the appropriate development of infant industries, thus ensuring that a nation's underdeveloped resources are not rendered permanently underdeveloped and subject to grossly unequal competition from foreign competitors.
So you are asserting that time had more regulations than today? That won't hold up, this is the MOST regulated time in U.S. history and the economy is suffering for it. Contraction anyone? Again, bring something not completely based in theory and speculation and bring something that ties the facts in with the data, Chang does neither.
Through long-term protection and development of infant industries, state protectionism thus plays a role in the maximization of dynamic comparative advantage.
Horse ****, the best business model wins, the only difference is how the business model plays upon the current situation, anyone who has ever run a business knows that, protectionism didn't facilitate anything, and centralized planning never does, it's how a business adapts to this situation that determines output, this is why socialist economies fail, it's the perfect storm of incompetent beaurocrats with no lattitude to make the quick decisions needed to adjust to economic change, nor the intitiative to do so because they are employed whether they succeed or not.
No, it isn't. There are no presently existing socialist countries (you likely incorrectly have social democracies in mind), with the possible exception of Venezuela.
Sweden, Switzerland, Czechoslovakia, the U.K., Turkey, Pakistan, Lebanon, Venezuela, Brazil, Canada, etc.
That said, capitalism is and always has been reliant on a degree of state intervention that I regard as intolerable, which is why anarchists are anti-capitalists.
Capitalism recognizes the need to protect immediate public safety and to enforce minimal ethics standards, there is nothing wrong with that, the free hand would demand ethics anyway but it wouldn't help those in the path of the behaviors, so we tolerate minimal intervention, anarchy is ridiculous, it is dog-eat-dog and is the VERY definition of Laissez-Faire economics as anything goes, it is the ultimate capitalist model, how do you not get that.
I personally advocate anarchist communism, but anarchism permits for various forms of socialism to be implemented.
Communism is the last stage of socialism, that has been stated by communists themselves and no version of that philosophy is sustainable. Communism ignores all of the little market factors that make good economic models viable.