And it operates on free-market principles, as a laboratory for economic experimentation, providing (theoretically) unbounded opportunity for its inhabitants. New York came into being not organically but through a purposeful act, which involved the stitching together of two cultures and traditions into something new. The Dutch had developed New Amsterdam to be an entrepôt—a port city with pretensions to global trade. Richard Nicolls, as the representative of relatively tolerant and pragmatic factions within England, came to see that rather than crushing New Amsterdam and starting over, it would be in his interest to make a deal with his Dutch nemesis, one that might benefit both of them. The pluralistic and capitalistic features of New York had their origins in the Dutch colony, and both of those elements of the city were reconfigured and invigorated when the Dutch and English strains merged.
As with, say, the light bulb or the computer, the invention of New York rested on earlier ideas. It required a willful steering of forces in a particular direction, as well as a will on the part of the inhabitants to be steered in the new direction. And, as with the light bulb and the computer, nobody who played a role in the invention of New York could comprehend what it might lead to.