Sure. But what we observe and calculate is always contingent on our latest and best observations. And that’s always changing. There are always new observations or perspectives that can throw what we thought we were seeing into question (eg, the Earth doesn’t look flat anymore when viewed from a higher altitude). None of it is a claim of ultimate truth. It’s just our best observations, and the best thinking to date that’s been brought to bear on those observations to make sense of them. But I don’t think any scientist would claim the status of Ultimate Truth for any of their claims, no matter how many mountains of observations and data they have for them.
Yeah, as weird as it sounds, based on the above argument, I would have to go with the latter: a scientific fact is one which is agreed upon by the experts in that field. The only way the first could be true is if we could adapt a God’s-eye perspective on the universe, to know the mind of God and everything there was to know and see, and do it from the final real perspective. No scientist is going to claim that for science. It’s all just the best the experts in that field have been able to do so far- a very humble and fallible claim for us very fallible mortals. Science is a very human endeavor, and so always subject to our limitations. But despite that, it’s been the most useful thing we have so far.
Yeah but Galileo was able to convince his scientific colleagues very quickly. It took the rest of culture a few more centuries to really accept what he was saying. But that’s why I talk about the consensus of experts in that field. It’s not a democracy where everyone gets to vote.
Actually they kinda were. Someone forgot to put the lid on one of their bacterial culture plates, and by the next morning mold had grown in one corner of it, and there was a clear zone around the mold where the bacteria had not grown. Some further chemical analysis revealed that what was doing the trick was a chemical being created by the mold that was bactericidal. The name of the mold was penicillium.
No, but they were able to convince them in fairly short order.