• This is a political forum that is non-biased/non-partisan and treats every person's position on topics equally. This debate forum is not aligned to any political party. In today's politics, many ideas are split between and even within all the political parties. Often we find ourselves agreeing on one platform but some topics break our mold. We are here to discuss them in a civil political debate. If this is your first visit to our political forums, be sure to check out the RULES. Registering for debate politics is necessary before posting. Register today to participate - it's free!

The psychological underpinnings of Trumpism

NWRatCon

Eco**Social Marketeer
DP Veteran
Joined
Mar 6, 2019
Messages
33,806
Reaction score
33,993
Location
PNW
Gender
Male
Political Leaning
Other
I have, in various contexts, described a Trump voter as stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. Not flattering, I admit, but I've yet to find anything to contradict that description - present company excepted, of course. But there is a broader, more scientific, description that describes the phenomenon that is Trumpism.

Many have described Trump devotees as "cultists", and that description is not inaccurate, because their devotion goes begging description, but it is incomplete. Some have called it "Trump Devotion Syndrome", but the psychological community provides a better understanding. "Five highly interrelated characteristics stand out that are central to a social psychological analysis – authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, outgroup prejudice, the absence of intergroup contact and relative deprivation.

"https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/4993/4993.html

"Trump loyalists are highly conscientious...​

We identified individuals as Trump loyalists in terms of three aspects of Trump support: (1) belief in Trump as the legitimate winner of the 2020 election, (2) belief in Trump’s leadership abilities, and (3) belief that he has an elevated status that is frequently disrespected by the mainstream media. These Trump supporters comprised about 10 percent of all American adults and roughly one-third of Trump-voting Republicans in our total sample."


"People who are opposed to Donald Trump being elected to serve as president of the United States likely believe that his supporters are weird—and vice versa. Trump stands out from other former and potential presidents, however, in terms of the number of crimes and moral misdeeds he has been accused of. Given this backdrop, we, as cognitive dissonance researchers, wondered what supporters of Trump would say when asked why they support him given his alleged crimes and misbehaviors. We assumed that most of his supporters are decent folks who would experience some dissonance from supporting a president who had been accused of so many misdeeds."


These researchers describe a pattern that many of us experience every day: “A man with a conviction is a hard man to change. Tell him you disagree and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point.”

A second study was conducted in December of 2019, two days after the House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The reasons people gave for justifying their support at this point were similar to those observed in the previous study, with the addition of a new category: They stated they did not care about the allegations (“I don’t care about his sex life or what it does involve”). This latter response is similar to the dissonance reduction strategy that has been referred to as trivialization, or mentally reducing the importance of dissonant information (Simon et al., 1995).

In the third study, which was conducted two days after Trump was arraigned for election interference for his involvement in the riot at the U.S. Capitol in January 2021, the justifications were similar to those given in the previous studies, but a new category emerged: Some who previously supported him no longer did (“After all of the hearings and as information came out, I lost respect for Trump. It was fine that he contested the results through the courts, but when the courts decided the election was fair, he should have accepted the results”). Dissonance reduction sometimes does involve changing one’s mind and learning from one’s mistakes. This way of reducing dissonance is likely common in life but not studied much within the field."
 
...we know it as TDS. Or one of its many other variants.

There are plenty of effective vaccines, but apparently some don't believe in them and stubbornly refuse to take them.
 
...we know it as TDS. Or one of its many other variants.

There are plenty of effective vaccines, but apparently some don't believe in them and stubbornly refuse to take them.
An invention by die-hard Trump supporters trying to assign a mental disorder to those who see Trump in a clear-eyed way, while dismissing their own inability to discern reality.

Quite ironic, really.
 
I have, in various contexts, described a Trump voter as stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. Not flattering, I admit, but I've yet to find anything to contradict that description - present company excepted, of course. But there is a broader, more scientific, description that describes the phenomenon that is Trumpism.

Many have described Trump devotees as "cultists", and that description is not inaccurate, because their devotion goes begging description, but it is incomplete. Some have called it "Trump Devotion Syndrome", but the psychological community provides a better understanding. "Five highly interrelated characteristics stand out that are central to a social psychological analysis – authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, outgroup prejudice, the absence of intergroup contact and relative deprivation.

"https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/4993/4993.html

"Trump loyalists are highly conscientious...​

We identified individuals as Trump loyalists in terms of three aspects of Trump support: (1) belief in Trump as the legitimate winner of the 2020 election, (2) belief in Trump’s leadership abilities, and (3) belief that he has an elevated status that is frequently disrespected by the mainstream media. These Trump supporters comprised about 10 percent of all American adults and roughly one-third of Trump-voting Republicans in our total sample."


"People who are opposed to Donald Trump being elected to serve as president of the United States likely believe that his supporters are weird—and vice versa. Trump stands out from other former and potential presidents, however, in terms of the number of crimes and moral misdeeds he has been accused of. Given this backdrop, we, as cognitive dissonance researchers, wondered what supporters of Trump would say when asked why they support him given his alleged crimes and misbehaviors. We assumed that most of his supporters are decent folks who would experience some dissonance from supporting a president who had been accused of so many misdeeds."


These researchers describe a pattern that many of us experience every day: “A man with a conviction is a hard man to change. Tell him you disagree and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point.”

A second study was conducted in December of 2019, two days after the House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The reasons people gave for justifying their support at this point were similar to those observed in the previous study, with the addition of a new category: They stated they did not care about the allegations (“I don’t care about his sex life or what it does involve”). This latter response is similar to the dissonance reduction strategy that has been referred to as trivialization, or mentally reducing the importance of dissonant information (Simon et al., 1995).

In the third study, which was conducted two days after Trump was arraigned for election interference for his involvement in the riot at the U.S. Capitol in January 2021, the justifications were similar to those given in the previous studies, but a new category emerged: Some who previously supported him no longer did (“After all of the hearings and as information came out, I lost respect for Trump. It was fine that he contested the results through the courts, but when the courts decided the election was fair, he should have accepted the results”). Dissonance reduction sometimes does involve changing one’s mind and learning from one’s mistakes. This way of reducing dissonance is likely common in life but not studied much within the field."
OK then, you've successfully plunged me into a deeper depression than I thought was humanly possible.....

But wait!!! I forgot for a moment....I'm getting used to it!!! :rolleyes: 🤗 :LOL::LOL::LOL:
 
An invention by die-hard Trump supporters trying to assign a mental disorder to those who see Trump in a clear-eyed way, while dismissing their own inability to discern reality.

Quite ironic, really.
Meh...
 
I have, in various contexts, described a Trump voter as stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. Not flattering, I admit, but I've yet to find anything to contradict that description - present company excepted, of course. But there is a broader, more scientific, description that describes the phenomenon that is Trumpism.

Many have described Trump devotees as "cultists", and that description is not inaccurate, because their devotion goes begging description, but it is incomplete. Some have called it "Trump Devotion Syndrome", but the psychological community provides a better understanding. "Five highly interrelated characteristics stand out that are central to a social psychological analysis – authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, outgroup prejudice, the absence of intergroup contact and relative deprivation.

"https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/4993/4993.html

"Trump loyalists are highly conscientious...​

We identified individuals as Trump loyalists in terms of three aspects of Trump support: (1) belief in Trump as the legitimate winner of the 2020 election, (2) belief in Trump’s leadership abilities, and (3) belief that he has an elevated status that is frequently disrespected by the mainstream media. These Trump supporters comprised about 10 percent of all American adults and roughly one-third of Trump-voting Republicans in our total sample."


"People who are opposed to Donald Trump being elected to serve as president of the United States likely believe that his supporters are weird—and vice versa. Trump stands out from other former and potential presidents, however, in terms of the number of crimes and moral misdeeds he has been accused of. Given this backdrop, we, as cognitive dissonance researchers, wondered what supporters of Trump would say when asked why they support him given his alleged crimes and misbehaviors. We assumed that most of his supporters are decent folks who would experience some dissonance from supporting a president who had been accused of so many misdeeds."


These researchers describe a pattern that many of us experience every day: “A man with a conviction is a hard man to change. Tell him you disagree and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point.”

A second study was conducted in December of 2019, two days after the House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The reasons people gave for justifying their support at this point were similar to those observed in the previous study, with the addition of a new category: They stated they did not care about the allegations (“I don’t care about his sex life or what it does involve”). This latter response is similar to the dissonance reduction strategy that has been referred to as trivialization, or mentally reducing the importance of dissonant information (Simon et al., 1995).

In the third study, which was conducted two days after Trump was arraigned for election interference for his involvement in the riot at the U.S. Capitol in January 2021, the justifications were similar to those given in the previous studies, but a new category emerged: Some who previously supported him no longer did (“After all of the hearings and as information came out, I lost respect for Trump. It was fine that he contested the results through the courts, but when the courts decided the election was fair, he should have accepted the results”). Dissonance reduction sometimes does involve changing one’s mind and learning from one’s mistakes. This way of reducing dissonance is likely common in life but not studied much within the field."
I would like to learn more about how to talk to people who are in this stage.
For instance, I just posted about an interaction with a family member who praised Trump about retroactive social security payments that just hit bank accounts. I was 90% sure that Trump had very little to do with it but kept my mouth shut. The family member gets offended or dismissive any time I've asked for more details or clarification about her Trump praise, no matter how polite or gentle I try to be.
Sure enough, the payments were from a bipartisan bill passed under Biden.
 
An invention by die-hard Trump supporters trying to assign a mental disorder to those who see Trump in a clear-eyed way, while dismissing their own inability to discern reality.

Quite ironic, really.
I did mention Trump Devotion Syndrome, which is, in fact, a real thing. I'll follow up, soon, but I wanted to get the discussion started.

There is a branch of psychological research devoted to these phenomena - specifically "cognitive dissonance" and "perceived relative deprivation" - but Trumpism adds a gloss that includes social dominance orientation and an authoritarian bent that makes it a particularly potent political force, akin to the brownshirts/SS in Nazi Germany.

It's the psychological aspect that I hope to explore, here, but the urgency of understanding it is related to the GOP's acquiescence. Trump is quite obviously in the throes of a mental breakdown, but it's the radical devotion of his quislings that create the real threat to the nation.
 
I would like to learn more about how to talk to people who are in this stage.
For instance, I just posted about an interaction with a family member who praised Trump about retroactive social security payments that just hit bank accounts. I was 90% sure that Trump had very little to do with it but kept my mouth shut. The family member gets offended or dismissive any time I've asked for more details or clarification about her Trump praise, no matter how polite or gentle I try to be.
Sure enough, the payments were from a bipartisan bill passed under Biden.
That is a significant inspiration for this thread. I, too, want to know how to get people to "snap out of it", but a direct approach has proved unavailing.
 
I have, in various contexts, described a Trump voter as stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. Not flattering, I admit, but I've yet to find anything to contradict that description - present company excepted, of course. But there is a broader, more scientific, description that describes the phenomenon that is Trumpism.

Many have described Trump devotees as "cultists", and that description is not inaccurate, because their devotion goes begging description, but it is incomplete. Some have called it "Trump Devotion Syndrome", but the psychological community provides a better understanding. "Five highly interrelated characteristics stand out that are central to a social psychological analysis – authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, outgroup prejudice, the absence of intergroup contact and relative deprivation.

"https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/4993/4993.html

"Trump loyalists are highly conscientious...​

We identified individuals as Trump loyalists in terms of three aspects of Trump support: (1) belief in Trump as the legitimate winner of the 2020 election, (2) belief in Trump’s leadership abilities, and (3) belief that he has an elevated status that is frequently disrespected by the mainstream media. These Trump supporters comprised about 10 percent of all American adults and roughly one-third of Trump-voting Republicans in our total sample."


"People who are opposed to Donald Trump being elected to serve as president of the United States likely believe that his supporters are weird—and vice versa. Trump stands out from other former and potential presidents, however, in terms of the number of crimes and moral misdeeds he has been accused of. Given this backdrop, we, as cognitive dissonance researchers, wondered what supporters of Trump would say when asked why they support him given his alleged crimes and misbehaviors. We assumed that most of his supporters are decent folks who would experience some dissonance from supporting a president who had been accused of so many misdeeds."


These researchers describe a pattern that many of us experience every day: “A man with a conviction is a hard man to change. Tell him you disagree and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point.”

A second study was conducted in December of 2019, two days after the House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The reasons people gave for justifying their support at this point were similar to those observed in the previous study, with the addition of a new category: They stated they did not care about the allegations (“I don’t care about his sex life or what it does involve”). This latter response is similar to the dissonance reduction strategy that has been referred to as trivialization, or mentally reducing the importance of dissonant information (Simon et al., 1995).

In the third study, which was conducted two days after Trump was arraigned for election interference for his involvement in the riot at the U.S. Capitol in January 2021, the justifications were similar to those given in the previous studies, but a new category emerged: Some who previously supported him no longer did (“After all of the hearings and as information came out, I lost respect for Trump. It was fine that he contested the results through the courts, but when the courts decided the election was fair, he should have accepted the results”). Dissonance reduction sometimes does involve changing one’s mind and learning from one’s mistakes. This way of reducing dissonance is likely common in life but not studied much within the field."

That's a lot of effort to say, "People who disagree with me are nutz!"
 
I have, in various contexts, described a Trump voter as stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. Not flattering, I admit, but I've yet to find anything to contradict that description - present company excepted, of course. But there is a broader, more scientific, description that describes the phenomenon that is Trumpism.

Many have described Trump devotees as "cultists", and that description is not inaccurate, because their devotion goes begging description, but it is incomplete. Some have called it "Trump Devotion Syndrome", but the psychological community provides a better understanding. "Five highly interrelated characteristics stand out that are central to a social psychological analysis – authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, outgroup prejudice, the absence of intergroup contact and relative deprivation.

"https://jspp.psychopen.eu/index.php/jspp/article/view/4993/4993.html

"Trump loyalists are highly conscientious...​

We identified individuals as Trump loyalists in terms of three aspects of Trump support: (1) belief in Trump as the legitimate winner of the 2020 election, (2) belief in Trump’s leadership abilities, and (3) belief that he has an elevated status that is frequently disrespected by the mainstream media. These Trump supporters comprised about 10 percent of all American adults and roughly one-third of Trump-voting Republicans in our total sample."


"People who are opposed to Donald Trump being elected to serve as president of the United States likely believe that his supporters are weird—and vice versa. Trump stands out from other former and potential presidents, however, in terms of the number of crimes and moral misdeeds he has been accused of. Given this backdrop, we, as cognitive dissonance researchers, wondered what supporters of Trump would say when asked why they support him given his alleged crimes and misbehaviors. We assumed that most of his supporters are decent folks who would experience some dissonance from supporting a president who had been accused of so many misdeeds."


These researchers describe a pattern that many of us experience every day: “A man with a conviction is a hard man to change. Tell him you disagree and he turns away. Show him facts or figures and he questions your sources. Appeal to logic and he fails to see your point.”

A second study was conducted in December of 2019, two days after the House of Representatives voted to impeach Trump for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress. The reasons people gave for justifying their support at this point were similar to those observed in the previous study, with the addition of a new category: They stated they did not care about the allegations (“I don’t care about his sex life or what it does involve”). This latter response is similar to the dissonance reduction strategy that has been referred to as trivialization, or mentally reducing the importance of dissonant information (Simon et al., 1995).

In the third study, which was conducted two days after Trump was arraigned for election interference for his involvement in the riot at the U.S. Capitol in January 2021, the justifications were similar to those given in the previous studies, but a new category emerged: Some who previously supported him no longer did (“After all of the hearings and as information came out, I lost respect for Trump. It was fine that he contested the results through the courts, but when the courts decided the election was fair, he should have accepted the results”). Dissonance reduction sometimes does involve changing one’s mind and learning from one’s mistakes. This way of reducing dissonance is likely common in life but not studied much within the field."
I think you're spot on!
 
To understand some of the basics of this discussion, some definitions:
AI Overview
Learn more

Cognitive dissonance refers to the mental discomfort experienced when a person holds two conflicting beliefs or ideas, while perceived relative deprivation is the feeling of being deprived of something compared to others in a similar situation, essentially creating a sense of unfairness; the key connection is that perceived relative deprivation can often trigger cognitive dissonance when someone is forced to reconcile their belief that they deserve something with the reality that they don't have it, leading to internal conflict and discomfort.

Explanation:
  • Cognitive Dissonance:
    When someone experiences cognitive dissonance, they may try to reduce the discomfort by changing their beliefs, justifying their actions, or ignoring conflicting information.

  • Perceived Relative Deprivation:
    When someone feels deprived compared to others, they may experience negative emotions like anger, resentment, or frustration. This can lead to cognitive dissonance if they hold beliefs about fairness or entitlement that contradict their current situation.

  • Social dominance orientation (SDO)[1] is a personality trait measuring an individual's support for social hierarchy and the extent to which they desire their in-group be superior to out-groups.[2] SDO is conceptualized under social dominance theory as a measure of individual differences in levels of group-based discrimination; that is, it is a measure of an individual's preference for hierarchy within any social system and the domination over lower-status groups. It is a predisposition toward anti-egalitarianism within and between groups.
 
Let's put a little frame around this. Trump won the presidency in 2016 and 2024 because the Democrats were a party of the elite and a party of the poor. They not only were uninterested in the middle but openly displayed contempt for them.

Is not that how this thread begins, "I have, in various contexts, described a Trump voter as stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. Not flattering, I admit, but I've yet to find anything to contradict that description . . ."

The Democratic elite are angry. If you're the party of the very wealthy, suburban and educated, you're angered that the less wealthy and the less educated voters are presumably supporting the opposition making important political decisions that threaten both elitism and protected status.

The solution is for Democrats to reject progressive party control while nurturing liberal and moderate problem solvers Trump voters will cross over to support.
 
Let's put a little frame around this. Trump won the presidency in 2016 and 2024 because the Democrats were a party of the elite and a party of the poor. They not only were uninterested in the middle but openly displayed contempt for them.

Is not that how this thread begins, "I have, in various contexts, described a Trump voter as stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. Not flattering, I admit, but I've yet to find anything to contradict that description . . ."

The Democratic elite are angry. If you're the party of the very wealthy, suburban and educated, you're angered that the less wealthy and the less educated voters are presumably supporting the opposition making important political decisions that threaten both elitism and protected status.

The solution is for Democrats to reject progressive party control while nurturing liberal and moderate problem solvers Trump voters will cross over to support.
With all due respect, bullshit. Poll after poll demonstrates that progressive policies are popular, Republican policies are not, so this analysis, while occurring in numerous places, is misguided, as it always is.

The reality is that Democrats function with one hand tied behind their backs because of quirks of geography, structure of the Constitution, and manipulation of the processes. They, by and large, need to perform about 5%-12% better than their Republican counterparts to be competitive. Moreover, State Republican legislatures, where they have majorities, have skewed these disadvantages even more in the favor of the GOP. THOSE are the realities that are so easily overlooked by armchair analysts.

I'm not saying that the Democrats don't need to appeal to broader constituencies. They do, but the brush with which you are tarring them is devoid of substance. Demagogues and charlatans have advantages in the process, because of precisely who they are - devoid of moral compass and willing to lie excessively to gain power. That is what the definition of those terms signifies.

Back to the subject, this thread is intended to address specific socio-psychological phenomena that are specific to Trump loyalists, not necessarily excuse or explain why every Trump voter voted as they did. My personal opinion hasn't changed - they did so because they are stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. That, however, is NOT the gravamen of this thread.
 
That's a lot of effort to say, "People who disagree with me are nutz!"
Are you saying that is never true?

Because this is not personal opinion. This is the opinion of over 60,000 mental health specialists, signed in this petition back in 2017- done as a "duty to warn" the public:

“We, the undersigned mental health professionals, believe in our professional judgment that Donald Trump manifests a serious mental illness that renders him psychologically incapable of competently discharging the duties of President of the United States. And we respectfully request he be removed from office, according to article 4 of the 25th amendment to the Constitution, which states that the president will be replaced if he is ‘unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.’”
 
With all due respect, bullshit. Poll after poll demonstrates that progressive policies are popular, Republican policies are not, so this analysis, while occurring in numerous places, is misguided, as it always is.

The reality is that Democrats function with one hand tied behind their backs because of quirks of geography, structure of the Constitution, and manipulation of the processes. They, by and large, need to perform about 5%-12% better than their Republican counterparts to be competitive. Moreover, State Republican legislatures, where they have majorities, have skewed these disadvantages even more in the favor of the GOP. THOSE are the realities that are so easily overlooked by armchair analysts.

I'm not saying that the Democrats don't need to appeal to broader constituencies. They do, but the brush with which you are tarring them is devoid of substance. Demagogues and charlatans have advantages in the process, because of precisely who they are - devoid of moral compass and willing to lie excessively to gain power. That is what the definition of those terms signifies.

Back to the subject, this thread is intended to address specific socio-psychological phenomena that are specific to Trump loyalists, not necessarily excuse or explain why every Trump voter voted as they did. My personal opinion hasn't changed - they did so because they are stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. That, however, is NOT the gravamen of this thread.
With all due respect . . . hah!
 
Are you saying that is never true?

Because this is not personal opinion. This is the opinion of over 60,000 mental health specialists, signed in this petition back in 2017- done as a "duty to warn" the public:

“We, the undersigned mental health professionals, believe in our professional judgment that Donald Trump manifests a serious mental illness that renders him psychologically incapable of competently discharging the duties of President of the United States. And we respectfully request he be removed from office, according to article 4 of the 25th amendment to the Constitution, which states that the president will be replaced if he is ‘unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office.’”

Why didn't you address what I wrote?
 
With all due respect . . . hah!

I used to warn my subordinates to be careful when they used that phrase. That in my experience the phrase was usually followed by a demonstration of no respect at all.
 
I was somewhat interested in this as it is fresh opportunity for me to bore deeper into definitions and arguments.

I have been doing some reading as of late on the place of dissonance in decision making process.....not as it relates to politics specifically.

My interest is a little broader.

But politics is certainly a subset of that interest. And dissonance, on both sides, seems more and more apparent.

I will try to articulate more later.

But to start, I always enjoy hearing or reading definitions.

So I started with the term Trumpism. Generally, when I ask someone to describe this to me, they struggle. I did find some wording on the internet that states that Trumpism is associated with:

1. Right wing populism
2. Anti-Globalist attitudes
3. National conservatism
4. Illiberalism (something I struggle to understand)
5. Authoritarianism or Autocratic tendencies

The OP then states that they have termed Trump Voters stupid, dishonest, and depraved.

Quite an accusation. I'd like to hear more about what makes them such.

I am also interested to know if Trump Voters are seen as a monolith or along a continuum. And if there is a range, just how many axes exist in the characterization of a Trump voter.

I think the same question should also be applied to those who opposed Trump.
 
Let's put a little frame around this. Trump won the presidency in 2016 and 2024 because the Democrats were a party of the elite and a party of the poor. They not only were uninterested in the middle but openly displayed contempt for them.

Is not that how this thread begins, "I have, in various contexts, described a Trump voter as stupid, dishonest, depraved, or any combination thereof. Not flattering, I admit, but I've yet to find anything to contradict that description . . ."

The Democratic elite are angry. If you're the party of the very wealthy, suburban and educated, you're angered that the less wealthy and the less educated voters are presumably supporting the opposition making important political decisions that threaten both elitism and protected status.

The solution is for Democrats to reject progressive party control while nurturing liberal and moderate problem solvers Trump voters will cross over to support.

I am interested to know if there is any research you are aware of that backs the claims:

1. The democrats are the party of the elite and the party of the poor.
2. How did you arrive at your "solution" ? (your last sentence). I am not so sure that I see republicans crossing over. The GOP has suffered a large split for some time (which makes me wonder how he got elected at all). It really does seem to be a question of election vs. referendum. In my case, it was clearly the latter (in general).
 
Back
Top Bottom