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Svensmark Closes the Loop -- The Missing Link Between GCR's, Clouds and Climate

From the link in #1774:

Significant solar changes in Earth’s energy budget
Dr. Svensmark summarizes the solar activity/cosmic ray climate modulation system with the following chart:

In the end, changes in solar activity lead to significant changes in the earth’s energy budget, and thus climate change, Svensmark believes. This explains why the Earth has seen “coolings and warmings of around 2°C repeatedly over the past 10,000 years.”
He concludes:
The Sun became unusually active during the 20th Century and as a result part of the ‘global warming’ observed.”
​
 
Van Geel and Ziegler, 2013
https://www.researchgate.net/profil...ate_Change/links/5543916f0cf234bdb21bd1e8.pdf
“[T]he IPCC neglects strong paleo-climatologic evidence for the high sensitivity of the climate system to changes in solar activity. This high climate sensitivity is not alone due to variations in total solar irradiance-related direct solar forcing, but also due to additional, so-called indirect solar forcings. These include solar-related chemical-based UV irradiance-related variations in stratospheric temperatures and galactic cosmic ray-related changes in cloud cover and surface temperatures, as well as ocean oscillations, such as the Pacific Decadal Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation that significant affect the climate. … [T]he cyclical temperature increase of the 20th century coincided with the buildup and culmination of the Grand Solar Maximum that commenced in 1924 and ended in 2008.”
 
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Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]On the derivation of particle nucleation rates from experimental formation ratesAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics[/h]2015-04-17 | journal-article


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Inorganic Nutrients Increase Humification Efficiency and C-Sequestration in an Annually Cropped Soil

Clive A. Kirkby, Alan E. Richardson, Len J. Wade, Mark Conyers, John A. Kirkegaard
Abstract
Removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and storing the carbon (C) in resistant soil organic matter (SOM) is a global priority to restore soil fertility and help mitigate climate change. Although it is widely assumed that retaining rather than removing or burning crop residues will increase SOM levels, many studies have failed to demonstrate this. We hypothesised that the microbial nature of resistant SOM provides a predictable nutrient stoichiometry (C:nitrogen, C:phosphorus and C:sulphur–C:N:P:S) to target using supplementary nutrients when incorporating C-rich crop residues into soil. An improvement in the humification efficiency of the soil microbiome as a whole, and thereby C-sequestration, was predicted. In a field study over 5 years, soil organic-C (SOC) stocks to 1.6 m soil depth were increased by 5.5 t C ha-1 where supplementary nutrients were applied with incorporated crop residues, but were reduced by 3.2 t C ha-1 without nutrient addition, with 2.9 t C ha-1 being lost from the 0–10 cm layer. A net difference of 8.7 t C ha-1 was thus achieved in a cropping soil over a 5 year period, despite the same level of C addition. Despite shallow incorporation (0.15 m), more than 50% of the SOC increase occurred below 0.3 m, and as predicted by the stoichiometry, increases in resistant SOC were accompanied by increases in soil NPS at all depths. Interestingly the C:N, C:P and C:S ratios decreased significantly with depth possibly as a consequence of differences in fungi to bacteria ratio. Our results demonstrate that irrespective of the C-input, it is essential to balance the nutrient stoichiometry of added C to better match that of resistant SOM to increase SOC sequestration. This has implications for global practices and policies aimed at increasing SOC sequestration and specifically highlight the need to consider the hidden cost and availability of associated nutrients in building soil-C. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856260/

Citation: Kirkby CA
 
Last edited by a moderator:
Threegoofs said:
Inorganic Nutrients Increase Humification Efficiency and C-Sequestration in an Annually Cropped Soil

Clive A. Kirkby, Alan E. Richardson, Len J. Wade, Mark Conyers, John A. Kirkegaard
Abstract
Removing carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere and storing the carbon (C) in resistant soil organic matter (SOM) is a global priority to restore soil fertility and help mitigate climate change. Although it is widely assumed that retaining rather than removing or burning crop residues will increase SOM levels, many studies have failed to demonstrate this. We hypothesised that the microbial nature of resistant SOM provides a predictable nutrient stoichiometry (C:nitrogen, C:phosphorus and C:sulphur–C:N:P:S) to target using supplementary nutrients when incorporating C-rich crop residues into soil. An improvement in the humification efficiency of the soil microbiome as a whole, and thereby C-sequestration, was predicted. In a field study over 5 years, soil organic-C (SOC) stocks to 1.6 m soil depth were increased by 5.5 t C ha-1 where supplementary nutrients were applied with incorporated crop residues, but were reduced by 3.2 t C ha-1 without nutrient addition, with 2.9 t C ha-1 being lost from the 0–10 cm layer. A net difference of 8.7 t C ha-1 was thus achieved in a cropping soil over a 5 year period, despite the same level of C addition. Despite shallow incorporation (0.15 m), more than 50% of the SOC increase occurred below 0.3 m, and as predicted by the stoichiometry, increases in resistant SOC were accompanied by increases in soil NPS at all depths. Interestingly the C:N, C:P and C:S ratios decreased significantly with depth possibly as a consequence of differences in fungi to bacteria ratio. Our results demonstrate that irrespective of the C-input, it is essential to balance the nutrient stoichiometry of added C to better match that of resistant SOM to increase SOC sequestration. This has implications for global practices and policies aimed at increasing SOC sequestration and specifically highlight the need to consider the hidden cost and availability of associated nutrients in building soil-C. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4856260/

Citation: Kirkby CA
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Considering that the whole of CO2 in the atmosphere is approximately 16 grams per square meter, doesn't this seem a silly?
 
Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]Elemental composition and clustering behaviour of alpha-pinene oxidation products for different oxidation conditionsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics[/h]2015 | journal-article


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Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]Experimental investigation of ion-ion recombination under atmospheric conditionsAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics[/h]2015 | journal-article


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[h=2]German Scientists To More Closely Investigate Cloud Formation, A Vital Component In Climate[/h]By P Gosselin on 27. January 2019
Leipzig, 20 December 2018
Researchers from Leipzig cooperate with scientists from Punta Arenas (Chile) to learn more about the relationship between air pollution, clouds and precipitation.
Leipzig/Punta Arenas. How do airborne particles, so-called aerosols, affect the formation and life cycle of clouds and precipitation? In order to come one step closer to solving this question, atmospheric scientists from the Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS) and the Leipzig Institute for Meteorology (LIM) at Leipzig University will observe the atmosphere at one of the cleanest places in the world for at least a year. The choice fell on Punta Arenas because the city is located on a comparable geographical latitude as Germany and will thus enable comparisons between the northern and southern hemispheres. The measurement campaign is part of the International Year of Polar Prediction (YOPP), which aims to improve weather and climate forecasts for the polar regions through intensive measurements. . . .
 
Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]On the composition of ammonia-sulfuric-acid ion clusters during aerosol particle formationAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics[/h]2015 | journal-article


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Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]Thermodynamics of the formation of sulfuric acid dimers in the binary (H2SO4-H2O) and ternary (H2SO4-H2O-NH3) systemAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics[/h]2015 | journal-article


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Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]Characterisation of organic contaminants in the CLOUD chamber at CERNAtmospheric Measurement Techniques[/h]2014-07-18 | journal-article


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Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]Insight into Acid-Base Nucleation Experiments by Comparison of the Chemical Composition of Positive, Negative, and Neutral ClustersEnvironmental Science & Technology[/h]2014 | journal-article


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Investigating eye movement acquisition and analysis technologies as a causal factor in differential prevalence of crossed and uncrossed fixation disparity during reading and dot scanning

Authors

J. A. KirkbyEmail authorH. I. BlytheD. DriegheV. BensonS. P. Liversedge

First Online: 24 January 2013

Abstract
Previous studies examining binocular coordination during reading have reported conflicting results in terms of the nature of disparity (e.g. Kliegl, Nuthmann, & Engbert (Journal of Experimental Psychology General 135:12-35, 2006); Liversedge, White, Findlay, & Rayner (Vision Research 46:2363-2374, 2006). One potential cause of this inconsistency is differences in acquisition devices and associated analysis technologies. We tested this by directly comparing binocular eye movement recordings made using SR Research EyeLink 1000 and the Fourward Technologies Inc. DPI binocular eye-tracking systems. Participants read sentences or scanned horizontal rows of dot strings; for each participant, half the data were recorded with the EyeLink, and the other half with the DPIs. The viewing conditions in both testing laboratories were set to be very similar. Monocular calibrations were used. The majority of fixations recorded using either system were aligned, although data from the EyeLink system showed greater disparity magnitudes.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13428-012-0301-2
 
Threegoofs said:
Investigating eye movement acquisition and analysis technologies as a causal factor in differential prevalence of crossed and uncrossed fixation disparity during reading and dot scanning

Authors

J. A. KirkbyEmail authorH. I. BlytheD. DriegheV. BensonS. P. Liversedge

First Online: 24 January 2013

Abstract
Previous studies examining binocular coordination during reading have reported conflicting results in terms of the nature of disparity (e.g. Kliegl, Nuthmann, & Engbert (Journal of Experimental Psychology General 135:12-35, 2006); Liversedge, White, Findlay, & Rayner (Vision Research 46:2363-2374, 2006). One potential cause of this inconsistency is differences in acquisition devices and associated analysis technologies. We tested this by directly comparing binocular eye movement recordings made using SR Research EyeLink 1000 and the Fourward Technologies Inc. DPI binocular eye-tracking systems. Participants read sentences or scanned horizontal rows of dot strings; for each participant, half the data were recorded with the EyeLink, and the other half with the DPIs. The viewing conditions in both testing laboratories were set to be very similar. Monocular calibrations were used. The majority of fixations recorded using either system were aligned, although data from the EyeLink system showed greater disparity magnitudes.

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/s13428-012-0301-2
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Off topic.
 
Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]Neutral molecular cluster formation of sulfuric acid-dimethylamine observed in real time under atmospheric conditionsProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America[/h]2014 | journal-article


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Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]Oxidation Products of Biogenic Emissions Contribute to Nucleation of Atmospheric ParticlesScience[/h]2014 | journal-article


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Jasper Kirkby:

[FONT=&quot][h=3]Aerosol Nucleation and Growth in a Mixture of Sulfuric Acid / Alpha-Pinene Oxidation Products at the CERN CLOUD ChamberNucleation and Atmospheric Aerosols[/h]2013 | journal-article


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