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You can't have jurisdiction if you don't have sovereignty, and treaties - like all laws and the US Constitution itself - does not have any jurisdiction beyond the borders of the US. It is why there are no courts in GITMO, only military tribunals. They are POWs, not criminals (unless specifically charged with a crime) and not subject to US law or the protections of the US Constitution.
Absolutely you can have jurisdiction without sovereignty... we had jurisdiction without sovereignty over the Panama Canal Zone before we yielded that jurisdiction back to Panama. In point of fact, the Canal Zone had it's own Federal District Court within the 5th Circuit Court of Appeals.