I'm not a scholar, I just read the work of scholars. Humiliation is a key component:
'Jason Stanley, a professor of philosophy at Yale University, discusses the rise of fascism in his book "How Fascism Works: The Politics of Us and Them." He explains that fascism often relies on a mythic past and a sense of historical humiliation. For Germans, this humiliation was exemplified by the Treaty of Versailles, which imposed harsh penalties on Germany after World War I, leading to a perceived national humiliation that fueled fascist ideologies.
Stanley argues that this historical humiliation narrative is crucial for fascist movements, as it provides a framework for blaming internal enemies for the nation's supposed decline. In the context of Germany, the Treaty of Versailles was used to justify the need for a strong leader to restore the nation's former glory and to combat the perceived threats from within, such as Jews and other minorities.
This narrative of humiliation and the need for restoration is a recurring theme in Stanley's analysis of fascist movements, both historically and in contemporary contexts, highlighting how similar rhetoric can be applied to different national situations to mobilize support for authoritarian leaders.'
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'Fascism is often associated with feelings of personal humiliation among its supporters. According to Amy Buller's "Darkness Over Germany," ordinary Germans faced difficult decisions as the Nazi party took control, including whether to flee or stay and fight, and their choices were influenced by feelings of humiliation and poverty. These emotions can drive individuals to seek leaders who promise to alleviate their pain and restore national pride, as seen with Hitler's promise to make Germany great again.
In a broader context, humiliation is a common element in fascism that is often overlooked. Many individuals who are drawn to extreme right-wing ideologies suffer from some form of personal humiliation, such as failure and rejection in their careers or relationships. This humiliation can be a powerful force that manifests in dark ways if those experiencing it feel that life has no meaning.
Fascist regimes often use public humiliation as a tactic to instill fear and control, as documented in the study of fascist violence in Italy, where squads carried out numerous raids, personal attacks, and acts of public humiliation.
In summary, personal humiliation plays a significant role in the rise and perpetuation of fascist ideologies and movements.'