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I've talked for a long time about the neglect of the idea in the constitution of rights it says are protected but which are not enumerated.
This was arguably the core, leading controversy around the constitution when it was enacted. Representatives were committed to the idea of strong rights.
The basic approach in the constitution to protecting those rights was to say the constitution granted specific, limited powers to the government. The protection for a right was to say, the constitution doesn't give the government the power to violate that right. For example, the right to free speech was protected because the constitution didn't give government the power to restrict it.
However many were not comfortable that was strong enough. They felt it was ambiguous enough that rights could be encroached, and wanted key rights they were concerned about to be specifically listed, such as free speech. These people refused to approve of the constitution, which would prevent it being enacted.
Others, however, saw a problem with this - that it changed the approach from limited government rights, to one of listing rights, and that it was impossible to list all the rights they wanted to protect - which would weaken or remove protection for other rights because they weren't listed. That it would gut the protection of rights they wanted.
Finally James Madison came up with a compromise. They would pass a "bill of rights" - enumerate specific rights to ensure they were protected - but add an amendment saying that enumerating those rights did not reduce the protection from other rights. This was basically saying, 'ya, we're going to mention some, but that really has no effect, it's not why they're protected, and there are more.'
In practice, in my opinion, the predictions were right on target. As predicted the court focused very much on the enumerated rights, and others were second class at best, if not non-existent. No judge I know ever said, 'this right is fully protected as an unenumerated right equal to enumerated rights'. They have rarely identified unenumerated rights, but it was quite an uphill battle.
In fact, when I've looked for rulings based on the ninth amendment, where it has any effect, when judges have cited the amendment in recognizing a right. So all of these unenumerated rights founders were so concerned about to write the ninth amendment - what are they, where are they?
This came up during Jackson's Supreme Court confirmation hearing yesterday. Jackson was asked which rights the Supreme Court has ever identified as based on the ninth amendment. She answered, none.
What a statement. A fundamental issue for our constitution to protect rights, saying they don't have to be listed to be protected, and yet never actually applying that protection to any rights - and almost never identifying such unenumerated rights even without use of the ninth amendment. The critical amendment to the constitution's approval, unused.
To this day, this is not at all addressed. the handful of unenumerated rights are some of the most controversial. Any suggestion of an unenumerated right is immediately attacked as 'legislating from the bench' and a judge abusing their power to make up rights based on their personal politics. The concerned founders were correct: enumerating some rights drastically changed the protection of rights.
This was arguably the core, leading controversy around the constitution when it was enacted. Representatives were committed to the idea of strong rights.
The basic approach in the constitution to protecting those rights was to say the constitution granted specific, limited powers to the government. The protection for a right was to say, the constitution doesn't give the government the power to violate that right. For example, the right to free speech was protected because the constitution didn't give government the power to restrict it.
However many were not comfortable that was strong enough. They felt it was ambiguous enough that rights could be encroached, and wanted key rights they were concerned about to be specifically listed, such as free speech. These people refused to approve of the constitution, which would prevent it being enacted.
Others, however, saw a problem with this - that it changed the approach from limited government rights, to one of listing rights, and that it was impossible to list all the rights they wanted to protect - which would weaken or remove protection for other rights because they weren't listed. That it would gut the protection of rights they wanted.
Finally James Madison came up with a compromise. They would pass a "bill of rights" - enumerate specific rights to ensure they were protected - but add an amendment saying that enumerating those rights did not reduce the protection from other rights. This was basically saying, 'ya, we're going to mention some, but that really has no effect, it's not why they're protected, and there are more.'
In practice, in my opinion, the predictions were right on target. As predicted the court focused very much on the enumerated rights, and others were second class at best, if not non-existent. No judge I know ever said, 'this right is fully protected as an unenumerated right equal to enumerated rights'. They have rarely identified unenumerated rights, but it was quite an uphill battle.
In fact, when I've looked for rulings based on the ninth amendment, where it has any effect, when judges have cited the amendment in recognizing a right. So all of these unenumerated rights founders were so concerned about to write the ninth amendment - what are they, where are they?
This came up during Jackson's Supreme Court confirmation hearing yesterday. Jackson was asked which rights the Supreme Court has ever identified as based on the ninth amendment. She answered, none.
What a statement. A fundamental issue for our constitution to protect rights, saying they don't have to be listed to be protected, and yet never actually applying that protection to any rights - and almost never identifying such unenumerated rights even without use of the ninth amendment. The critical amendment to the constitution's approval, unused.
To this day, this is not at all addressed. the handful of unenumerated rights are some of the most controversial. Any suggestion of an unenumerated right is immediately attacked as 'legislating from the bench' and a judge abusing their power to make up rights based on their personal politics. The concerned founders were correct: enumerating some rights drastically changed the protection of rights.